Аргунов Олег Николаевич

During the Great Patriotic War, changes in natural and mechanical population movement were primarily driven by extreme wartime conditions and demands. While these issues have been repeatedly addressed in historiography, the regional aspect remains understudied. In this context, examining these processes in Kursk Region which found itself at the epicenter of the war, experiencing large-scale battles, enemy occupation, and other hardships is particularly significant. Moreover, the main burdens of the war fell on the collective farm population. An analysis of archival documents reveals the following: First, the birth rate dropped by more than threefold, falling significantly below mortality rates. Second, the number of working-age men drastically declined. Third, villages became predominantly "child and adolescent" communities, with over half of their population under eighteen years old. Additionally, the war accelerated the depeasantization of collective farm villages, as young people were pulled away from agricultural production and redirected to industrial work. Thus, the Great Patriotic War fundamentally altered the gender and age composition of Kursk's collective farm villages and hastened the transition of the regional and national economy from agrarian-industrial to industrial-agrarian

В статье рассматриваются процессы партийной мобилизации коммунистов в Курской губернии в период весны — лета 1919 г. В центре внимания находятся методы и формы мобилизации, применяемые местными партийными организациями. Исследуются особенности организации работы на местах, в том числе агитационных мероприятий, пропаганды и других способов вовлечения коммунистов в ряды РККА. На основе архивных документов военных ведомств и партийных органов представляется возможность проследить эффективность различных подходов, применяемых для увеличения численности партии, а также факторы, способствующие успеху или неудаче в привлечении новых членов. Кроме того, материалы демонстрируют конкретные примеры успешной мобилизационной деятельности, а также случаи, когда она оказалась менее результативной. Особое место занимает изучение роли Курского губернского комитета РКП(б), который координировал работу местных организаций и обеспечивал выполнение директив, поступающих от центрального руководства партии. В статье исследуется влияние этих директив на региональную политику и оценивается степень их реализации на практике. Таким образом, в статье авторы предлагают комплексный взгляд на процесс партийной мобилизации в Курской губернии в указанный период, раскрывая механизмы взаимодействия между центральными и местными органами власти, а также оценивая результаты их совместной работы

The separation of church and state was one of the key programs of the Soviet government as part of the gradual modernization of society, which was vital in the context of international turbulence and a series of geopolitical crises in the first half of the twentieth century. This process is impossible without the introduction of new life practices into the everyday life of the average citizen. Such practices were the registration of births, marriages and deaths by civil authorities, which had previously been the exclusive responsibility of the church, as well as the authorization of civil divorces. As the analysis of archival documents has shown, despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of the population of Kursk Province were believers, the introduction of new secular everyday practices did not provoke widespread social resistance. However, the process was fraught with difficulties due to the imperfection of the Soviet system of administration in the late 1910s and early 1920s, the lack of trained personnel, and the resistance of the clergy, who were deprived of significant influence on society and income from the sacraments. In this regard, the state had to apply certain sanctions, as well as to punish those persons who refused to fulfill the law. Nevertheless, such cases in the period under study were isolated. The majority of citizens met the introduction of new practices into everyday life by adapting them to the already established traditions, which did not cause any objections on the part of the authorities. In addition, new practices, in particular, the introduction of the institution of divorce into family life, partly allowed to improve the lives of a certain part of ordinary residents of the province