Vol. 2 No. 3 (2024)

The article studies the system of state administration and civil service during the First World War (1914—1918). The article considers the main reforms of administration initiated in the previous period, including the reforms of state service, judicial system, police, etc. It concludes that a set of contradictions hindered the successful functioning of the system of administration in wartime conditions and that it was impossible to eliminate them through administrative reforms. The main set of problems in politics was associated not only with the main contradiction of capitalism, but also with the incompatibility of public and private interests, which did not allow to fulfil the necessary set of managerial decisions, primarily in the economy

The article analyzes the normative legal acts of the first five years of Soviet power on the legal regulation of arrest in the RSFSR, detention of persons arrested in penitentiary institutions on the example of the activities of the bodies to combat counterrevolution, speculation and crimes in office. The author proposes his own characteristics of some law-enforcement activity of the VChK apparatus and its local bodies through researching the normative legal acts and archival materials

The article analyzes the problem of staff in the OGPU-NKVD organs of the West Siberian region in the 1930s. The article considers the ways of solving the problem of understaffing of the local state security bodies with the necessary specialists of various profiles against the background of the difficult tasks. The article pays special attention to the issues of civilians training newly enrolled in the service, as well as retraining of military service members in special departmental educational institutions. It emphasizes a number of activities carried out in the pre-war years, which contributed to the attraction of personnel to the state security agencies. The main research source includes archival materials on the activity of the OGPU-NKVD bodies in the West Siberian region to select and train specialists of operational, technical, political and medical profiles. © Зайцев Н. И., 2024 27 ИСТОРИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ: ВЛИЯНИЕ МИРОВЫХ ВОЙН

The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of Soviet farms in the Urals, their departmental affiliation and production sector in 1946—1950. The academic significance of the research is determined by both the problem under study and the introduction of new documents from two major federal archives. The analysis indicates that at the end of the IV Five-Year Plan most of the Soviet farms in the Urals, as in previous years, were under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR, as well © Мотревич В. П., 2024 34 Мотревич В. П. Совхозы на Урале в первые послевоенные годы as the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. The reforms carried out in agriculture often confused and complicated the management system and did not bring the expected results. The existing management system separated state farms from the local authorities. The analysis of archival materials shows that in the first post-war years, the pre-war number of state farms was gradually going up, and by the end of the IV Five-Year Plan their number, both in the RSFSR and in the country as a whole, exceeded the pre-war rate. In the region under study, the number of Soviet farms rose, especially in the Kurgan and Chkalov regions. By the end of the period under study, most of the Soviet farms in the Urals were subordinate to the Ministry of State Farms of the USSR. Most of the Ural state farms focused on livestock breeding. In Bashkiria and the regions of the Southern Urals, the role of grain farms was also significant

The article deals with the problem of Sovietization of national education in the pre-war period on the example of the German school. The contradictions in school policy are most clearly seen in the 1920s - early 1930s. The right to study in the native language and the development of the school network were accompanied by destructive for Germans laws on separation of school and church, the expulsion of experienced teachers on religious grounds and their replacement by young people brought up in the spirit of atheism and revolutionary ideology. The shortage of textbooks in the native language and the acute shortage of professional teachers remained key problems for German national schools throughout the period under study. As early as 1931, plans to convert all national schools to mother-tongue instruction encountered practices that hindered their implementation or made them unrealistic. In the case of the Germans, this was manifested in the lack of secondary and higher educational institutions for teachers training, and in the poor preparation of school graduates to enter universities. Publishing activities for national minorities were aimed primarily at producing propaganda literature, while the printing of textbooks was relegated to the last priority. Repressions on national grounds destroyed the advanced part of the intelligentsia and teachers. National schools of non-titular peoples were banned in 1938; German schools remained only in the ASSR of Volga Germans until the mass deportation of Germans. Because of the policy of Sovietization, the national school increasingly turned into a mechanism for the implementation of Stalin's idea of internationalization and was used as a tool for developing new consciousness, the center of atheistic propaganda

The article examines lives of German women in the USSR under the conditions of deportation by nationality. The article introduces the memories and interviews of German women who experienced the tragedy of the nation during the Stalinist repressions, as well as the assessments of researchers of this issue. The analysis makes it possible to reconstruct the general “female path” of a German woman in the conditions of the Soviet reality of the 1940-1950s. The focus of attention is on important issues of everyday life, some details of everyday life, the experience of survival in a foreign cultural environment, taking into account the realities of the time, religious life, family reunification, arrangement in places of exile and psychological adaptation to new conditions. The factors caused by dramatic historical events put women in a position where they were forced to take responsibility not only for their own fate, but also for the fate of their children and parents. In many respects, these experiences allowed German women to survive, preserve their ethnic traditions, language and self-preservation. Finding themselves in dire circumstances, the women had to apply the skills they had learned from their ancestors and remember everything they had once been taught. Their nationality, the stigma of traitors and enemies, made the others to take German women more disdainful than other deportees. The recollections, considered in conjunction with letters, diaries and memoirs, constitute a single set of sources for creating a general historical panorama. The analysis of the presented ego-documents helps to understand better Soviet Germans fate during and after the war

The article introduces foe the first time the documents from the archival collection of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad. It examines the charitable activities of Elim Pavlovich Demidov and Sofia Illarionovna Demidova on rendering comprehensive moral and financial support to Russian students — refugees of the Russian Revolution and the Civil War, who found themselves in Europe (Belgium, Greece, and France) in the 1920—1930s

The article introduces the materials of the State Archive of Volga Germans in Engels (GIANP) to show how the First World War affected the life of the village of Tonkoshurovka. Military service, agricultural work, evacuation of livestock from frontline © Масленникова А. А., 2024 85 СТАРТОВАЯ ПЛОЩАДКА areas to the Volga region — these and other activities affected the fate of the colony. The article pays special attention to the issue of accommodation in Tonkoshurovka refugees, prisoners of war and Germans evicted from the western provinces of the country

The article describes the Irish experience of preserving the memory of the Crimean War of 1853—1856, embodied in memorials — city monuments, trophy cannons, names, stained glass windows in churches, plaques and gravestones. The example of Ire© Быкова А. С., 2024 93 СОХРАНЕНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПАМЯТИ land is interesting in terms of the preservation and perception of historical and cultural memory in the former colony of the British Empire. Irish military units took part in the Empire's overseas campaigns and suffered heavy losses. The article also focuses on the facts of destruction of war memorials in Northern Ireland associated with the remembrance of the British rule