Vol. 2 No. 4 (2024)

The article deals with the development of the Institute (since 1976 — Academy) of Social Sciences (AON) under the Central Committee of the Socialist United Party of Germany (SED) from 1951 to 1990. It studies a daily work to form a team of teachers and staff and to train graduate students and students for the ruling party of the GDR. The AON at the SED Central Committee is seen as an institution to raise the elite of socialist society. Based on the works of German and Soviet historians, the article makes a conclusion on the positional (official) type of these elite, which was inherent in other socialist countries, primarily the USSR. On the example of the Institute (Academy), the article shows how the university management developed the system of comprehensive control over the activities of teachers and graduate students. This system included detailed curricula, lecture notes, development of practical classes, and control of postgraduate students' notes. Important forms of control were preliminary discussions of conference presentations and publications of lecturers. The departments conducted daily supervision of the teaching stuff, and the library played a great role in this, with its record of books on loan. The leaders of the university, Lene Berg and Otto Rheingold created and maintained this system. They both were virtually unchanged throughout the history of the country. Besides, Otto Rheingold was the Director, and later the Rector, of the Institute (Academy) for almost 38 years. The article concludes that the elite of the socialist GDR (unlike other historical types of elite) was not an idle class in the full sense, as presented in Thorstein Veblen's theory. On the contrary, this elite had to prove its necessity day in and day out in order to keep its position, to demonstrate its adherence to Marxist-Leninist ideology and to the leadership of the university and the Party, and to work to prove its own worthiness. This played its role in 1989—1990, when members of the SED and, in particular, teachers of the Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the SED lost their privileges and were not in demand in the academic and educational community of united Germany. The study used the materials of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History and the Federal Archive of Germany, most of these materials are introduced into the research turnover for the first time

The article analyzes informal relations in the USSR, which developed under conditions of scarcity and the resulting restriction of access to a number of goods and services for the majority of the population. A specific form of such informal relations was blat (favors), a social phenomenon that became widespread in Soviet society. Blat is a special form of personal ties, involving assistance in acquiring scarce goods and services, help in finding attractive jobs and solving other problems. Along with the economic side of blat, the article emphasizes the socio-group aspect of this phenomenon. Privatization of public space, personification of socio-economic relations contributed to making semi-elite social groups claiming a special status in the society of universal socialist equality, which burdened a significant part of the population in the last decades of the USSR. The article questions the decisive importance of consumer sentiment in the phenomenon of blat. It also rejects the assumptions about the decisive role of scarcity and human insecurity in developing such informal relations. The scarcity was not the cause, but the catalyst of the social differentiation of the population and emerging specific social groups close in importance to class groups that developed in Soviet society. It seems that the needs of social ranking were a decisive factor in the issue of group formation. In the conditions of blurred social boundaries and amorphous status groups, the importance of markers of prestigious consumption increased, which testified to the possession of social capital, a wide range of opportunities and personal ties that opened access to a number of scarce goods and services. The article concludes that blat became an important factor in the localization of social space at the level of semi-closed small groups, which stimulated the social stratification of Soviet society not so much on the economic as on the status basis

The article considers normative legal acts that regulated the fight against juvenile delinquency during the Great Patriotic War. The article notes the beginning of the stage of toughening of criminal-legal methods of combating juvenile delinquency with the adoption of the decree of the CEC and SNK of the USSR “On measures to combat juvenile delinquency” of April 7, 1935. The article analyzes the indicators of juvenile delinquency, points to the increase in the number of juvenile crimes by 1943 due to the growth of neglect and homelessness in emergency conditions of wartime. The article describes the methods and ways of combating juvenile delinquency by law enforcement, education and public organizations. The article gives examples of specific types of crimes committed by minors. The research used the materials from central Russian archives, as well as from the archives of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The author concludes that in the extraordinary conditions of the war the state in connection with the growth of criminality made every effort to combat child homelessness, neglect and criminality

The article uses the example of graphic works by Soviet avant-garde artist R.M. Rabinovich (1895—1988) to analyze the potential of political posters for studying Soviet everyday life in the first half of the 1930s. The author concludes that the complex of visual sources draws a representative picture of Soviet urban everyday life with an emphasis on the event component of the Stalinist neo-NEP. This time marked a decline in the pace of industrialization and an emphasis on the welfare of Soviet people. Belief in progress, mastery of the most sophisticated advanced technology, birth of a new Soviet man, who is not only ready to be at the wheel of the aircraft and at the machine, but also deserves the right to leisure and entertainment, the emancipation of women and Soviet memorial culture — these are the main themes of the artist's work. The recipient of her graphic works sees a multicolored picture of Sovietness created with bribing emotionality. As a result, there is a danger of aberration — when the images transmitted by the visual source make a distorted perception of reality

Silk Road numismatics is the most important source for studying the daily life of people of the early Middle Ages. The study of coins allows tracing the changes in political, cultural and social realities reflected in the coins of different historical periods. The article deals with the coins of the Eastern Roman Empire found in China. From the point of view of archaeological finds it reveals that solidi of rulers — starting from Arcadius (395—408) and ending with Emperor Constantine V (741—775) — appeared (and simultaneously copied on the spot) in Xinjiang and in the Central Plain of China. Even in our time, there is a significant number of museum exhibits with the context of discovery nonclarified. The article considers three coins: two from the reign of Constant II (641—668) and one from the reign of Theophilus of the Amorean dynasty (829—842). Although these finds are from museum collections (the location and context of their discovery are unknown), it is likely that they appeared in China as early as the early Middle Ages. This is indicated by the common policy of the two emperors (their wars with the Arabs and relations with the Turkic peoples), as well as indirect contacts between the Eastern Roman Empire and China in the Tang period. The article concludes that, despite being outside the archaeological context, the described numismatic artifacts reached China soon after they were made (within one century). It is worth considering that the obvious Christian symbolism on the coins does not contradict this conclusion, as Nestorianism during the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties played a prominent role in the spiritual culture of the Celestial Empire (therefore the coins could be used in everyday life and for ritual purposes)

The article describes the contribution of Russian emigrants — academics and scholars of various profiles — to the development of science, culture and art of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes — the Kingdom of Yugoslavia — socialist Yugoslavia. In the period from 1919 to 1923 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes hosted more than 40 thousand refugees from Russia. In this country, many Russians found work, the opportunity to continue their academic activities and careers. The qualifications, knowledge and experience of Russians were in demand in the newly proclaimed state. Russian professors filled the staff shortage in universities, participated in their establishing and development, contributing to the improvement of higher education in the country. Russian scientists also founded the Zootechnical Institute, the Institute of Agricultural Machines and Mechanisms, the Institute of Fertilizers, the Institute of Soil Science, the Entomological Institute in Belgrade, the Entomological Society of the Kingdom of the SCS, the Institute of Microbiology in Belgrade and others. Through the efforts of Prof. Aleksandr Ignatovski, there was established the first clinic of internal medicine in Belgrade. At the end of the Second World War, Russian scholars — members of the Royal Serbian Academy (Serbian Academy of Sciences) became founders of institutes attached to the Academy. Russian academics and scholars laid the foundations of new branches of science, as well as military-epidemiological doctrine. Russian emigrants also participated in the organization of the anti-epidemiological service of Yugoslavia, and Slovenian criminology and criminal statistics. Russian architects became undisputed authorities in all branches of construction activity, bringing the capital's architecture closer to European standards, modernizing the architectural appearance of the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The opera and ballet art, thanks to the artists, choreographers and stage designers from Russia who worked in Belgrade and Ljubljana, reached the all-European level. The contribution of representatives of the Russian abroad in the development of cinematography and other spheres of culture and art was weighty

The article uses the example of Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov, one of the most famous Russian architects who worked in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), to trace the influence of personality on the transformation of the cultural environment in certain historical conditions. The former chief architect of Yalta, academician of architecture, architect of the Highest Court, being in forced emigration, devoted his talent to the country, which became for him and his family a second © Джорджевич А., 2024 83 НАУКА И КУЛЬТУРА homeland. The buildings of many state institutions in the style of Russian academism, built according to his designs, defined the look of the modern central part of Belgrade. Among Krasnov's works there are the projects for the buildings of the Ministry of Forestry, Ores, Agriculture and Water (now the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia); the building for the Ministry of Finance (now the Government of the Republic of Serbia); the building of the State Archives; the King Alexander I Bridge, the interiors of the residence of the Karadjordjevic royal family, as well as several projects outside Belgrade. Some of the buildings are now under the protection of the Serbian state in the status of cultural heritage objects. The memory of Nikolai Krasnov is preserved today in the Serbian state. There are the exhibitions dedicated to the work of the Russian architect. One of the streets in Belgrade is named after him. In 2019 in the capital, the architect monument by sculptor Nebojsi Savovic was opened

The article is devoted to the 50th anniversary of the Ethnographic Omsk Scientific Center (founded in 1974), which is the third in Russia (after Moscow and St. Petersburg) in terms of the time of its establishment and the number of scientists. It presents information on its founder and permanent leader - Professor Nikolai Arkadievich Tomilov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, veteran of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article provides a historiographical analysis of available publications on the stated subject, based on an interdisciplinary approach (history, philosophy, ethnology and anthropology, culturology, museology, sociology). The structure of the Ethnography Omsk Scientific Center initially includes three main institutions: F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University (1974), the Omsk branch of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), and the Siberian branch of the Russian Institute of Cultural Studies (1993), which are still in action today. The article analyzes the history and the main topics of ethnographic, cultural and museological research of the staff. The author provides data on academic, organizational and publishing activities of Omsk scholars. The article pays special attention to expeditionary research, traditions of celebrating the Day of Ethnographer, anniversaries of institutions and their employees, other distinctive moments of academic everyday life of Omsk ethnographers

The experience of social welfare of orphans, neglected, abandoned children and adolescents accumulated by the Soviet state is of scientific and practical interest for the activities carried by state and public social institutions in modern Russia. It contributes to the identification of certain trends and regularities at the level of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the process of developing and functioning of both state and public organizations involved in solving this problem. The article analyzes the provision and living conditions of orphanages in the Novosibirsk region in the 1940s - early 1950s. Particularly, it describes the measures taken by local authorities and party bodies to solve the domestic, material, food, clothing and sanitary problems of orphanages. The article argues that throughout the war and post-war years the situation with supporting orphanages and providing them with everything they needed was very difficult due to the social and economic situation in the country. In the Novosibirsk region, the problems of providing for the children were a priority and on the agenda of both party and regional authorities. Moreover, the issues of supplying orphanages remained topical throughout the entire post-war two decades. Nevertheless, despite the war and post-war difficulties, many tasks were successfully accomplished. The research used the sources of the State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region

The article studies the issues of children's everyday life from a historical and pedagogical point of view. It examines the dynamics of the attitude to the children's club © Дейч Б. А., 2024 116 Дейч Б. А. Детский клуб как форма повседневности ребенка from the perception of this mode of children's leisure time as unusual to the perception of it as everyday life. The aim of this analysis is the historical and pedagogical substantiation of this dynamics, highlighting the pedagogical potential of children's clubs at each stage of their development. The methodology of the analysis uses the cultural approach, which allows studying the development of children's clubs as a sociocultural phenomenon that depended on interrelated cultural and social factors. In addition, it uses the phenomenological approach, which makes it possible to construct various theoretical bases for the phenomenon of children's clubs as one of the ways of arranging children's leisure. The article defines the concepts of “everyday life” and “children's everyday life” from philosophical, historical and historical-pedagogical points of view. The article presents the history of the origin and development of children's clubs in Russia from the turn of the XIX—XX centuries to the 1970s of the twentieth century, when children's clubs became a mass phenomenon, when any child could satisfy the available interests and needs, and children's clubs became one of the children's everyday life activity. The article states that the prerequisite for the emergence of children's clubs, on the one hand, were Russian intellectuals who tried to facilitate the lives of children of the poorest strata of society, to develop their spiritual and physical strength through activity. On the other hand, there was the need of a number of progressive educators in approbation and development of new pedagogical approaches and pedagogical experience

The article deals with the questions of international activities in the educational institution of higher education. In the modern world, this activity contributes to the integration of the university into the world educational space. The Center for International Education and Intercultural Communication can be one of the ways to arrange international activities in the educational space of any university. The main directions of the Center's activity might cover information and advertising activities and educational activities focused on citizens of foreign countries. Besides, it might include pedagogical support of socio-cultural (everyday, academic) adaptation of foreign students in the university and academic mobility of teachers and students; promotion of academic, educational and cultural cooperation with foreign schools and educational organizations of higher education partners of the university. In general, the activities of the Center should be aimed at promoting the Russian language and Russian culture among Russian students. Thus, the work of the Center in these areas can become a tool for carrying international activities of the university; its activities will contribute to the strengthening of international relations in the field of education, science and culture

The separation of church and state was one of the key programs of the Soviet government as part of the gradual modernization of society, which was vital in the context of international turbulence and a series of geopolitical crises in the first half of the twentieth century. This process is impossible without the introduction of new life practices into the everyday life of the average citizen. Such practices were the registration of births, marriages and deaths by civil authorities, which had previously been the exclusive responsibility of the church, as well as the authorization of civil divorces. As the analysis of archival documents has shown, despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of the population of Kursk Province were believers, the introduction of new secular everyday practices did not provoke widespread social resistance. However, the process was fraught with difficulties due to the imperfection of the Soviet system of administration in the late 1910s and early 1920s, the lack of trained personnel, and the resistance of the clergy, who were deprived of significant influence on society and income from the sacraments. In this regard, the state had to apply certain sanctions, as well as to punish those persons who refused to fulfill the law. Nevertheless, such cases in the period under study were isolated. The majority of citizens met the introduction of new practices into everyday life by adapting them to the already established traditions, which did not cause any objections on the part of the authorities. In addition, new practices, in particular, the introduction of the institution of divorce into family life, partly allowed to improve the lives of a certain part of ordinary residents of the province