Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025)

Armed conflicts of the 20th century provide food for thought about how wars arise and how they end. A key moment in the onset of peace is the cessation of hostilities, but peace is not a single event, but a process. The restoration of former normality entails the development of multidirectional and multi-speed social processes affecting diplomatic relations, economic ties, and humanitarian issues between states – adversaries in war. The author concludes that for the USSR to fully normalize relations with West Germany, which declared itself the successor to the Reich, more than ten years would have to pass before the embassies could be exchanged, and up to half a century before ordinary people could choose their country of residence

В настоящей публикации в научный оборот впервые вводится текст стенограммы закрытого выступления генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС Л. И. Брежнева на совещании с первыми секретарями обкомов и крайкомов КПСС, ЦК КП союзных республик, а также с секретарями по сельскому хозяйству, состоявшегося в Кремле 28 ноября 1969 г. Задача введения в научный оборот комплекса эго-документов Брежнева является крайне актуальной для историографии позднего Советского Союза. В отличие от опубликованных еще при жизни Брежнева текстов его официального политико-теоретического наследия, которые в большинстве случаев представляют собой обезличенный цензурированный плод коллективного творчества, стенограммы закрытых выступлений Брежнева, не предназначавшихся для печати, являются ценнейшим источником по истории позднего Советского Союза, содержащим уникальную информацию. Речь, произнесенная Л. И. Брежневым 28 ноября 1969 г., представляет своеобразное предварительное подведение итогов восьмой пятилетки. Особое внимание Брежнев уделил трем основным темам: внеплановому расходованию государственных средств на строительство социально-бытовых, спортивных и культурных объектов; успехам социальной политики, а также острым вопросам сельского хозяйства. По ходу выступления Брежнев предстает как искусный оратор, способный говорить образно, а также умеющий импровизировать. “...The Party and the government are doing a lot to ensure... people... live better...”: transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's speech on November 28, 1969, to party and Soviet leaders © Савин А. И., 2025 27 ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ И ИСТОЧНИКОВЕДЕНИЕ

В статье рассматриваются процессы партийной мобилизации коммунистов в Курской губернии в период весны — лета 1919 г. В центре внимания находятся методы и формы мобилизации, применяемые местными партийными организациями. Исследуются особенности организации работы на местах, в том числе агитационных мероприятий, пропаганды и других способов вовлечения коммунистов в ряды РККА. На основе архивных документов военных ведомств и партийных органов представляется возможность проследить эффективность различных подходов, применяемых для увеличения численности партии, а также факторы, способствующие успеху или неудаче в привлечении новых членов. Кроме того, материалы демонстрируют конкретные примеры успешной мобилизационной деятельности, а также случаи, когда она оказалась менее результативной. Особое место занимает изучение роли Курского губернского комитета РКП(б), который координировал работу местных организаций и обеспечивал выполнение директив, поступающих от центрального руководства партии. В статье исследуется влияние этих директив на региональную политику и оценивается степень их реализации на практике. Таким образом, в статье авторы предлагают комплексный взгляд на процесс партийной мобилизации в Курской губернии в указанный период, раскрывая механизмы взаимодействия между центральными и местными органами власти, а также оценивая результаты их совместной работы

This article examines the fundamental principles and rules of Nazi propaganda, developed by Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propa© Хавкин Б. Л., 2025 63 ОБЩЕСТВО И ПОЛИТИКА ganda Joseph Goebbels, and the implementation of these rules through technical means such as radio and television. It was radio and television that ensured the pervasiveness of Goebbels' propaganda. Goebbels believed that the spoken word had a stronger impact on the masses than the printed word, so he chose radio as the primary tool of Nazi propaganda. Regarding television, Goebbels was initially skeptical about the emergence of this technological marvel of the 20th century. However, over time, he came to appreciate its merits as a propaganda medium. Goebbels used television as a clear example of German technological achievements. Nazi propaganda declared Fernsehen (remote viewing) an Aryan invention, proof of the intellectual and technical superiority of the “master race.” Using television, Nazi propagandists taught Germans how to live, creating a reality they believed the German people needed

The special military operation was one of the first modern conflicts where forces comparable in size and technical equipment clashed: Ukraine, actively supported by NATO countries, ‒ on one side, and the Russian Federation ‒ on the other. This situation is strikingly different from the NATO invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as the actions of Western armies in Libya and Syria, where superior equipment allowed the United States and its satellites to wage a war of maneuver with active breakthroughs, using tanks and aircraft. Wars involving Americans at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. They were, de facto, a continuation of the ideas of the German Blitzkrieg. The special military operation demonstrated a new type of warfare, in which the dominance of UAVs in the air limits the capabilities of mechanized units to the extreme, a phenomenon that bears much resemblance to the realities of World War I. Long-range artillery was replaced by strike drones, and the biplanes of the early 20th century were replaced by UAVs with comparable flight speeds. The primary force on the line of contact was once again the soldier, not the tank. The mass movement of troops by motor transport in the frontline zone once again became a complex task. In 1915, this was dictated by the underdevelopment of the automobile industry, and today by its vulnerability, but the effect we see is roughly the same. Most importantly, changes on the front line in a month, just as 110 years ago, are measured in kilometers. This phenomenon is the subject of this paper. In a number of areas, the Spanish Civil War will be compared (given that the special military operation is a conflict in the post-Soviet space that began with the coup d'état in Ukraine), as well as the wars of the Modern Era with their mercenary phenomenon

This article examines the influence of historical memory on the political life of the contemporary People's Republic of Bangladesh. The significance of this study means the attempt to comprehensively analyze the reflection of significant events in Bangladesh's history on the contemporary political agenda, including the events of the July Revolution of 2024. Key historical events, the Language Movement of 1952, and the Liberation War of 1971 are often not only remembered by various political and social forces in contemporary Bangladesh but can also be used in political struggles or to justify their legitimacy. One of the central unresolved issues is the punishment of war criminals of 1971. This problem was one of the leading themes of the 2009 election campaign. The subsequent events related to the trial of several alleged war criminals and the associated protests demonstrated the high political and social relevance of the events of the 1971 Liberation War. The unresolved issue of the trial of war criminals was part of the public discourse of the Shahbag social movement in 2013, as well as the movement for the abolition of quotas in 2018 and 2024. One of the most significant complaints against the government of Sheikh Hasina (in power from 2009 to 2024) was the excessive exploitation of the historical events of the Liberation War to justify its own authoritarian regime and the fight against political opponents. Presenting herself as the guardian of the ideals of the Liberation War, Sheikh Hasina not only consistently secured her regime's monopoly on historical truth but also frequently accused her political opponents of complicity in the 1971 war crimes or of the “anti-liberation” nature of their actions or views

This article presents Xenia Pavlovna Meath's book Evelyn, dedicated to the life of her grandmother, Evelyn Greene (1880–1944), a member of the British aristocracy and the wife of Russian nobleman Major General Pavel Pavlovich Gudim-Levkovich (1873–1953), who served as a Russian military agent in Greece on the eve of and during World War I. Using family archives, letters, and memoirs, the author recreates Evelyn Greene's life against the backdrop of the epochal upheavals of the first half of the 20th century. The article not only illuminates the book's plot, which combines memoir and reconstructive genres, but also presents its cultural and historical context, a female perspective on the history of Russian emigration, and the diplomatic environment of the early 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the unique collection of General GudimLevkovich, which became part of the Danish War Museum collection, and the role of the publication Evelyn in preserving the memory of bygone generations

This article examines the role of first-wave Russian émigrés in the production of S. Nastasijevic's ballet “In the Morava Valley”. Its premiere took place at the National Theatre in Belgrade in January 1942. The choreographer © Джорджевич А., 2025 114 Джорджевич А. Участие русских эмигрантов в постановке балета «В долинe Моравы»… was Anatoly Zhukovsky, a leading choreographer at the Belgrade National Theatre. By the time of the ballet's production, Zhukovsky not only had extensive experience in classical dance but also had a wealth of knowledge about Serbian folk dance, acquired during his travels across the country. The ballet also featured Russian ballerinas and dancers from among Russian émigrés. The ballet “In the Morava Valley”, based on Serbian history, is the only domestic ballet production staged during World War II in occupied Belgrade. This national ballet performance ran for two seasons at the Belgrade theater before being removed from the repertoire by the Germans, who deemed it national propaganda

This article examines the evolution and current trends of online education in the Russian Federation from the early 2000s to 2025. Using historical analysis, it traces the transition from experimental distance learning initiatives to integrated digital ecosystems. The study identifies four development phases: the experimental 2000s, the institutional 2010s, accelerated development during the pandemic (2020-2022), and the post-pandemic consolidation period. Using a combined methodology and secondary data analysis, the author examines national and regional practices. The results demonstrate a polycentric organization of the digital educational space with characteristic features: dynamic market growth, the spread of hybrid formats, the introduction of modular microqualification systems, and distinct regional specificities. Inevitable challenges include overcoming the digital divide, the need for systematic training of teaching staff, and the improvement of quality control mechanisms. The article concludes that the prospects for the development of online learning in Russia are linked to an optimal combination of centralized management and regional adaptation, the integration of artificial intelligence and analytical systems into teaching practices, and the development of digital literacy as a basis for sustainable development